Cell phones at school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mobile phones at school - Essay Example Mobile phones ought to be permitted in schools. The straightforward actuality is that phones make the grounds a more secure spot to be. During these unsafe occasions, that thought ought to be of the most elevated need. In a crisis like a fire or psychological militant occurrence, understudies with mobile phones can quickly speak with police and different specialists. This accommodates a quick reaction to any crisis; one that could shave valuable minutes off of the time it would take to tell an executive, have the staff part confirm the crisis, and afterward telephone authorities. The exemplary case of this position is the disaster that occurred at Columbine High School. At the point when two understudies began utilizing weapons on their educators and colleagues, understudies and instructors started calling to alarm police of a shooting going on...[and] an instructor on a mobile phone urgently argued for salvage with the police as she all the while yelled at her understudies to remain down (Breggin, 2000, pp. 4-5). The way that the re were a few gatherings of understudies situated in secluded regions of the enormous grounds puts forth the defense for mobile phones at school; they had the option to be securely safeguarded by police as an immediate consequence of their capacity to call and inform them with respect to their area and status. While such outrageous circumstances happen seldom, when they do occur, phones in the possession of the understudies can spare lives. The prima

reciprocal inhibition :: essays research papers

Proportional INHIBITION eciprocal restraint n : a technique for conduct treatment dependent on the restraint of one reaction by the event of another reaction that is commonly contrary with it; an unwinding reaction may be molded to an upgrade that recently evoked nervousness [syn: complementary restraint therapy] Proportional Inhibition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢     The Lengthening Reaction: (past subsection) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢     What Happens When You Stretch: (start of area) At the point when an agonist contracts, so as to cause the ideal movement, it for the most part powers the opponents to unwind (see area Cooperating Muscle Groups). This marvel is called corresponding hindrance on the grounds that the enemies are repressed from contracting. This is now and then called complementary innervation yet that term is actually a misnomer since it is the agonists which restrain (unwind) the opponents. The enemies don't really innervate (cause the compression of) the agonists. Such restraint of the hostile muscles isn't really required. Truth be told, co-compression can happen. At the point when you play out a sit-up, one would regularly accept that the stomach muscles repress the withdrawal of the muscles in the lumbar, or lower, area of the back. In this specific case be that as it may, the back muscles (spinal erectors) likewise contract. This is one motivation behind why sit-ups are useful for fortifying the back just as the stomach. When extending, it is simpler to extend a muscle that is loose than to extend a muscle that is contracting. By exploiting the circumstances when corresponding hindrance occurs, you can get a progressively powerful stretch by inciting the opponents to unwind during the stretch because of the withdrawal of the agonists. You likewise need to loosen up any muscles utilized as synergists by the muscle you are attempting to extend. For instance, when you stretch your calf, you need to get the shin muscles (the adversaries of the calf) by flexing your foot. In any case, the hamstrings utilize the calf as a synergist so you need to likewise loosen up the hamstrings by getting the quadricep (i.e., keeping your leg straight).      Reciprocal restraint This depicts muscles on one side of a joint unwinding to suit compression on the opposite side of that joint. The body handles this really well during exercises like running, where muscles that contradict each other are locked in and withdrawn consecutively to deliver composed development. This encourages simplicity of development and is a shield against injury. Once in a while, for instance, a football running back can encounter a "misfiring" of engine units and end up all the while getting the quads and hamstrings during a hard run.

Payne International Development Graduate Fellowship Is Live COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Payne International Development Graduate Fellowship Is Live COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The U.S. Agency for International Development, in cooperation with Howard University, invites outstanding individuals interested in international development and careers in the USAID Foreign Service to apply for the 2017 Donald M. Payne International Development Graduate Fellowship. Candidates can be graduating seniors or college graduates with strong academic records and a desire to promote positive change in the world. The Payne program encourages the application of members of minority groups historically underrepresented in the Foreign Service and those with financial need. Selected fellows will receive support for graduate school and gain employment with USAID in an exciting and rewarding career in Foreign Service. Program Benefits An orientation to the Program and the USAID Foreign Service at Howard University in Washington D.C. Two fully funded summer internships, on Capitol Hill and overseas at a USAID Mission. Up to $36,500 annually toward tuition, fees, and living expenses for a two-year masters degree in international development, international affairs, public administration, environmental sciences, public health, agriculture, or other relevant area of study. Mentorship from a USAID Foreign Service Officer throughout the duration of the fellowship. Employment in the USAID Foreign Service. Eligibility Must be a U.S. Citizen. Must be seeking admission to enter a two-year graduate program in the fall of 2017 at a U.S. university. Must have a cumulative grade point average of 3.2 or higher on a 4.0 scale at the time of application. Note: Applicants are not required to be Howard University students or applying to Howard for graduate school. Application Deadline: January 20, 2017 Additional information and online application available at www.PayneFellows.org, or  email  paynefellows@howard.edu.

What Makes a Ruler a Dictator Definition and List of Dictators

A dictator is a political leader who rules over a country with absolute and unlimited power. Countries ruled by dictators are called dictatorships. First applied to magistrates of the ancient Roman Republic who were granted extraordinary powers temporarily to deal with emergencies, modern dictators from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong-un, are considered some of the most ruthless and dangerous rulers in history.   Key Takeaways: Dictator Definition A dictator is a government leader who rules with unquestioned and unlimited power.  Today, the term â€Å"dictator† is associated with cruel and oppressive rulers who violate human rights and maintain their power by jailing and executing their opponents.  Dictators typically come to power through the use of military force or political deceit and systematically limit or deny basic civil liberties. Dictator Definition: What Makes a ‘Ruler’ a ‘Dictator?’   Similar to â€Å"tyrant† and â€Å"autocrat,† the term â€Å"dictator† has come to refer to rulers who exercise oppressive, cruel, even abusive power over the people. In this sense, dictators should not be confused with constitutional monarchs like kings and queens who come to power through a hereditary line of succession.   Holding complete power over the armed forces, dictators eliminate all opposition to their rule. Dictators typically use military force or political deceit to gain power, which they maintain through terror, coercion, and the elimination of basic civil liberties. Often charismatic by nature, dictators tend to employ techniques such as gaslighting and bombastic mass propaganda to stir cult-like feelings of support and nationalism among the people.   While dictators may hold strong political views and be supported by organized political movements, like communism, they may also be apolitical, motivated only by personal ambition or greed.   Dictators Throughout History   As it was first used in the ancient city-state of Rome, the term â€Å"dictator† was not derogatory as it is now. The early Roman dictators were revered judges or â€Å"magistrates† who were given absolute power for a limited time to deal with social or political emergencies. Modern dictators are compared more to the many tyrants who ruled Ancient Greece and Sparta during the 12th–9th centuries BCE.   As the prevalence of monarchies declined during the 19th and 20th centuries, dictatorships and constitutional democracies became the predominant forms of government worldwide. Similarly, the role and methods of dictators changed over time. During the 19th century, various dictators came to power in Latin American countries as they became independent of Spain. These dictators, like Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina, typically raised private armies to take power from weak new national governments.   Characterized by Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany and Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, the totalitarian and fascist dictators who rose to power during the first half of the 20th century were significantly different from the authoritarian rulers of postcolonial Latin America. These modern dictators tended to be charismatic individuals who rallied the people to support the ideology of a single political party like the Nazi or communist parties. Using fear and propaganda to stifle public dissent, they harnessed modern technology to direct their country’s economy to build ever-more-powerful military forces. After World War II, the weakened governments of several countries in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa fell to Soviet-style communist dictators. Some of these dictators posed as hastily â€Å"elected† presidents or prime ministers who established autocratic single-party rule by quashing all opposition. Others simply used brute force to established military dictatorships. Marked by the collapse of the Soviet Union itself in 1991, most of these communist dictatorships had fallen by the end of the 20th century. Throughout history, even some fully constitutional governments have temporarily granted their executives extraordinary dictator-like powers during times of crisis. The dictatorships of Adolph Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy began under proclamations of emergency rule. During World War II, both the United States and Great Britain granted their executives extensive extra-constitutional emergency powers that were terminated with the declaration of peace.   List of Dictators   While thousands of dictators have come and gone, these notable dictators are best-known for their cruelty, unflinching authority, and strict suppression of opposition.   Adolf Hitler Creator and leader of the Nazi Party, Adolf Hitler was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Fà ¼hrer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As the imperialistic dictator of Nazi Germany, Hitler was primarily responsible for World War II in Europe and ordered the Holocaust, which resulted in the mass murder of some six million European Jews between 1941 and 1945. Benito Mussolini World War II ally of Adolph Hitler, Benito Mussolini ruled Italy as prime minister from 1922 until 1943. In 1925, Mussolini vacated the Italian constitution, eliminated all forms of democracy, and declared himself â€Å"Il Duce,† the legal fascist dictator of Italy. A law passed in 1925 changed Mussolini’s formal title from â€Å"President of the Council of Ministers† to â€Å"Head of the Government,† and removed virtually all limitations on his power, making him the de-facto dictator of Italy. Joseph Stalin   Joseph Stalin served as secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and premier of the Soviet state from 1922 to 1953. During his quarter century of dictatorial rule, Stalin turned the Soviet Union into one of the world’s superpowers by seizing and exercising perhaps the greatest political power of any other political leader in history. Augusto Pinochet On September 11, 1973, Chilean general Augusto Pinochet, with the backing of the United States, led a military coup d’à ©tat that replaced the socialist government of President Salvador Allende. Pinochet went on to head Chile’s military government until 1990. During his dictatorial reign, over 3,000 of Pinochet’s opponents were executed and thousands more tortured. Francisco Franco General Francisco Franco ruled Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. After winning the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939), Franco established a fascist military dictatorship, proclaimed himself Head of State, and outlawed all other political parties. Using forced labor and tens of thousands of executions, Franco ruthlessly repressed his political opponents.   Fulgencio Batista Fulgencio Batista ruled Cuba twice—from 1933 to 1944 as an effective elected president, and from 1952 to 1959 as a brutal dictator. After taking control of the Congress, the press, and the university system, Batista jailed and executed thousands of his opponents, and embezzled a fortune for himself and his allies. Though Cuba held â€Å"free† presidential elections in 1954 and 1958, Batista was the only candidate. He was ousted in December 1958 in the Cuban Revolution by rebel forces under Fidel Castro. Idi Amin Idi â€Å"Big Daddy† Amin was the third president of Uganda, ruling from 1971 to 1979. His dictatorial reign was marked by the persecution and genocide of certain ethnic groups and political opponents. International human rights groups have estimated that as many as 500,000 people were killed by his regime, earning Idi Amin the nickname â€Å"The Butcher of Uganda.†Ã‚   Saddam Hussein Known as â€Å"The Butcher of Baghdad,† Saddam Hussein was the president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Condemned for his extreme brutality in suppressing opposition, Hussein’s security forces killed an estimated 250,000 Iraqis in various purges and genocides. After being ousted by the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in April 2003, Hussein was tried and found guilty of crimes against humanity by an international court. He was executed by hanging on December 30, 2006. Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un became the unelected supreme leader of North Korea in 2011, succeeding his equally dictatorial father Kim Jong-il. While Kim Jong-un has implemented minor economic and social reforms, reports of human rights violations and brutal treatment of his opponents have marked his reign. In December 2013, Kim had his uncle and suspected coup d’à ©tat threat Jang Song-Thaek publicly executed, stating that he had â€Å"removed the scum† from the Korean Workers’ Party. Kim has also expanded North Korea’s nuclear weapons program despite international objections. Since coming to power, he has broken all diplomatic ties with South Korea and threatened nuclear war against his neighbors and the United States.   Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Dictatorship.† Encyclopaedia Britannica.  Coppa, Frank J. (2006). â€Å"Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present.† Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-5010-0.Kayla Webley. â€Å"Top 15 Toppled Dictators.† Time Magazine. (October 20, 2011).  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Former Chilean army chief charged over 1973 killing of activists.† The Guardian. July 8, 2016.Nebehay, Stephanie. â€Å"U.N.’s Pillay says may be crimes against humanity in North Korea.† Reuters. (January 2013).

Literal Vs. Literal Approach Essay - 2088 Words

Literal or Nonliteral Approach to Genesis 1-2 One of the fundamental key aspects to Christianity is believing in one true God, and that God is the source for everything. He created the whole universe, and everything in it. There is one problem to this. How does one interpret the reading of creation stories in Genesis? A literal approach is described as taking the reading straightforward through young-earth view, while a non-literal approach is defined through old-earth view and through theistic evolution. The literal approach has more problems, including taking the easy way out, creating a difficult reading, using less scientific data, and taking everything straightforwardly. The non-literal view has more strengths, some examples being matching with various scientific and biblical evidence, taking the genre into account, and even thinking of explanations to explain some of its problems. Literal Reading Children are taught the story of creation. Most grow up believing that this story happens word for word. While reading the Book of Genesis, they sit down and treat it as a word-for-word reading. This is a literal interpretation of Genesis one and two. Many Christians believe that the Bible should be read this way, including Augustine and John Calvin. This view can change how one looks at Genesis, chapter one and two. Literalists take everything straightforwardly. In other words, the whole event happened in seven straight twenty-four hour literal days. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The Law In The Court Of Law1438 Words   |  6 Pagestype of rule is the literal rule. This rule is when the judge gives a sentence based on the law is it referring to word for word. For example in the vase of R VS Bentham, a person gave the impression that he was carrying a gun in his pocket by using his fingers. Bentham entered the victim’s home where Bentham demanded that the victim give s him money and jewellery. In the court it was questioned if the Firearms Act 1968 would have been applicable for this case. So if the literal rule was used in thisRead MoreRavi Kamal Bali Vs Kala Tech And Ors1247 Words   |  5 PagesRavi Kamal Bali vs. Kala Tech and Ors. Patent litigation is the product of constructing and interpreting claims which decide the boundaries of any invention. The construction of claims is the centre of infringement proceedings. For determining claims of infringement, the courts approach is of literal interpretation. This approach led to circumvention of the interpreters by making small and superficial changes in the inventions. The inclination to literalism has made the courts move towards moreRead MoreRelationship Between Control And Protection1282 Words   |  6 Pageswhich include the Literal Rule, Mischief Rule and the Golden Rule. The Literal rule dictates that statues are to be interpreted using the ordinary meaning of the language of the statue, the statues is to be read word for word and is to be interpreted according to the ordinary meaning of the language. (Inspector of Taxes vs Kiernan (1981) in which a pig farmer was assessed to tax under revenue legislation that applied to dealers in cattle. The Supreme court applied the literal rule and held thatRead Moremr dddsdddd1164 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿GS0155 Interpersonal Communication Summary of concepts from Lecture 1 to Lecture 10 Lecture 1: Universals of IPC What is interpersonal communication? Nature of IPC: dyadic approach a. Dyadic b. Dyadic primacy c. Dyads Two types of dyadic connection: a. Dyadic coalition b. Dyadic consciousness Elements of Interpersonal Communication: (the model of IPC) a. Source-Receiver (encode, decode) b. Messages (feedback message, feed forward message) c. Channel d. Noise (Physical, PhysiologicalRead MoreEssay on Daniel 9: 24-27 - The Prophecy Of The Seventy Weeks 2733 Words   |  11 Pagesfound in Luke 19:28-4 (March 30, A.D. 33). An alternative approach to the decree of Artaxerxes I is the edict of Cyrus in 538 B.C., which separates 532 years between the command to restore and rebuild the temple and the birth of the Messiah. However, this approach takes a conventional assignment (7 x 14 and 7 x 62) of the â€Å"sevens† and not a literal uniformed meaning thus running the risk of forcing prophecy. Nevertheless, each approach does accurately lineup with the virgin birth foretold andRead MoreTranslation Technique by Molina and Albir6820 Words   |  28 Pages498 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach lucà ­a molina and amparo hurtado albir Universitat Autà ²noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain RÉSUMÉ Cet article a pour objectif de cerner la notion de technique de traduction entendue comme un des instruments d’analyse textuelle qui permet d’à ©tudier le fonctionnement de l’à ©quivalence par rapport à   l’original. Nous rappelons tout d’abord les diffà ©rentes dà ©finitions et classifications qui ont à ©tà © proposà ©esRead MoreThe Reasoning Of Common Law2175 Words   |  9 Pagesagreed which approach to use,so for that reason there are three rules of interpretations which we must learn about: a.The Literal rule - which ties the court to the wording of the Parliament and does not give them very much leeway to escape from it even if it create an absurd situation,but as each rule developed, more and more discretion was given to the judges to be able to reach the decision that they felt Parliament intended or right for the case. For example in the case of Whiteley vs Chappell (1868)Read MoreLegal Methods4881 Words   |  20 Pagesthe expressions which may be found there and that not intended to be the expositions of the whole law but governed a qualified by the particular facts of the case in which such expressions are to be found; * An example of ratio in case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson (1932) is the principle of the duty of care to those a person can reasonably foresee will be affected by his/her action. * Identifying ratio in a case may be difficult; Judges are under no obligation to label the different part of theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Lorna Crozier s Poem The Eye Rhyme 1400 Words   |  6 Pagespararhyme which supports the theme of deception and dissent articulated by the words, â€Å"furtive†(11) and, â€Å"Not so!†(12). 3.What is the chief symbol in Lorna Crozier’s poem Forms of Innocence (Geddes, 751)? What does the symbol suggest beyond its literal meaning? The chief symbol in Lorna Crozier’s poem is the black swan. The swan evokes the dark passionate mysterious mystic of wild unpredictable dark feminine energy that holds the quiet potential power of creation. The swan is the companion of theRead MoreAn Analysis of English-Chinese Subtitle Translating Strategies: Taking Gossip Girl as an Example4351 Words   |  18 Pagesconflicting demands facing a translator in the process of translation: length vs. content, word order vs. picture order, naturalization vs. alienation and transliteration vs. semantic translation and suggested ways of resolving these conflicts. However, frankly speaking, all these articles on the research of audiovisual translation have not produced very satisfactory results due to the lack of any adequate approach in general or in particular. In recent years some scholars have begun to explore

Economic way of thinking Free Essays

In addition to their Immediate effects secondary effects are effects of a policy change that might not be noticeable when the policy change Is Implemented 7. The value of a good or service Is subjective what one good Is worth to person A, may have a completely different value by person B (l Like pizza with extra cheese, I value It highly. You are allergic to dairy products, so you place a low value on a pizza with extra cheese) 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic way of thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The test of a theory Is Its ability to predict Positive and normative economics Positive economics – the study of â€Å"what Is† among economic relationships For Instance, positive statements can be statistically evaluated. Normative economics – Judgments about â€Å"what ought to be† In economic matters Normative statements merely reflect people’s values – these statements cannot be proven true or false by economic thinking (think of It as a policeman’s views on any matter – abortion, capital punishment, etc. Those pollens cannot be proven right or wrong – they can merely be Judged) Economic way of thinking By gangplank 5. The acquisition of information is costly information can help people make better decisions, but information is a scarce good – the time it takes to search for the 6. Economic actions often generate secondary effects in addition to their immediate when the policy change is implemented 7. The value of a good or service is subjective what one good is worth to person A, may have a completely different value by person B (l like pizza with extra cheese, I alee it highly. You are allergic to dairy products, so you place a low value on a pizza with extra cheese) 8. The test of a theory is its ability to predict Positive economics – the study of â€Å"what is† among economic relationships For instance, positive statements can be statistically evaluated. Normative economics – judgments about â€Å"what ought to be† in economic matters proven true or false by economic thinking (think of it as a politician’s views on any matter – abortion, capital punishment, etc. Those opinions cannot be proven right or How to cite Economic way of thinking, Papers

Species Distribution of Liverworts in Mt. Kalatungan, Pangantucan, Bukidnon free essay sample

These plants are easily overlooked because of their small sizes, yet play a very important role in the ecosystem. It is widely distributed, occurring from the arctic to the tropics. Some grow in relatively dry places and most occur where moisture is generally available, such as on damp soil or moist rotting logs, along shaded   stream banks, on rocks in streams, or on wet rock outcroppings; a few even grow under saline conditions. The leafy and thalloid liverworts are the two groups of taxonomic characters. Furthermore, liverworts generally grow in consistently moist habitats, occupying niches where competition with vascular plants is minimal. Spray zones of waterfalls or wetlands such as bogs, fens, and streams seeps, are often rich in hepatics. Shaded old-growth forests also support liverwort growth, particularly in mesic or even hydric habitats. Thalloid liverworts grow on consistently damp rock faces or in wetlands. Other species may grow in shaded crevices and among mosses in more xeric conditions. Liverworts also may colonize moist or submerged rocks (Scapania nemorosa, Porella pinnata), grow under water (Ricciocarpus fluitans), found on logs and humic soil in mesic forests (Nowellia curvifloria, Bazzania trilobata) and grows on tree bark (Frullania eboracensis). Different forest associations favor a variety of liverwort assemblages (Schuster, 2000)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several liverworts species reported in traditional Chinese medicine such as Marchantia, Pallavicinia, Plagiochila and Lepidozia (Saxena and Harinder, 2004). Furthermore, liverworts   also been considered to play a significant role in the global carbon budget (O’Neill, 2000) and CO2 exchange and have been used as indicator of past climate change, and as potential indicators of global warming (Gignac, 2001; De Lucia et al,2003). In the present study, the researchers attempted to assessed the number of liverworts   that are distributed in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan and possibly   identify new possible species in the sites selected wherein the said mountain showed a very cold environment and are required as favorable condition to different bryophytes growing on tree trunks, soils and on rock moist surfaces within the study site. So far, very few studies have examined the liverworts community structure and its relationships to substrates and vegetation type, likewise, no central source towards synthesis of nomenclature, taxonomy, distribution patterns and conservation at   a regional level, thus this present study is conceived. Statement of the Problem The study attempted to assess the distribution of liverworts   in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Specifically it sought to answer the following questions: 1. How are the species be classified, identified and described? .. How are the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest? 3. What are the species of liverworts identified with medicinal value? Objectives of the Study The study attempted to assess the liverworts   in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Specifically, it aimed to: 1. Collect, identify and classify the liverworts at the study sites. 2. Determine how the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest. 3. Determine the species of liverworts identified with medicinal value. Significance of the Study This study will provide additional baseline information regarding the taxonomic structure, habitat and the distribution of the species of liverworts. Results will benefit the students, teachers, scientists, biologists and the people in the community about the existence of liverworts. It will also give additional information regarding the role of liverworts in ecology and medicine. More importantly, this will guide scientists on what global actions are needed to conserve the earth’s forest ecosystem. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study is only limited on the distribution and ecology of liverworts in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan in Bukidnon. The species were collected within the specified quadrat. It was conducted last December 27-29, 2012. Theoretical Framework Review of Related Literature The Liverworts: Classification, Habitat, Life   Cycle and Ecology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Bryophytes are non-vascular plants. They are simple, green, and undergoing photosynthetic activity in the forest ecosystem. There are three distinct lineages namely; mosses (Bryopsida or Musci), liverworts (Hepaticopsida or Hepaticae), and Hornworts (Anthocerotopsida or Anthocerotae). There are 24,000 species of bryophytes worldwide. It is estimated that about 6,000 to 8,000 species for liverworts, though, when Neotropical regions are studied this population may approach 10,000 species. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless thallus, but most are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss. Other species of liverworts have leafy appearance of mosses but they lack midribs or costa. Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2-20 mm wide with individual plants less than 10 cm long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, Rocks, trees, or any other reasonably firm substrate on which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and arctic species as well. Some species can be nuisance in shady green houses or a weed in gardens. Leafy Liverworts ( Jungermaniidae) A leafy liverwort typically has leaves of two sizes, arranged in three rows along the stem. The larger leaves (called lateral leaves) grow in two rows, along opposite sides of the stem. The great majority of leafy liverworts is prostrate plants and grows along some substrate (e. g. soil, bark, leaves, and rock). In such a growth form the lateral leaves are parallel to the substrate and the third row of leaves is on the underside of the stem which explains why they are often called under leaves. The coplanar arrangement of the lateral leaves gives leafy liverworts a flat look that is rare in mosses. The leaves themselves vary greatly in shape, depending on species. The leaves range from fairly simple, rounded shapes to heavily divide. The margins may be smooth to toothed to hairy (http://www. anbg. gov. au/bryophyte/liverwort-leafy. html). Thallose Liverworts (Marchantiidae) Liverworts of this type have a plant body with no stem-leaf structure, but consist instead of a thallus a large flat plate, one to several cells thick. The thallus maybe subdivided into lobes, and these may vary in width from 2-3 millimeters or more according to the species. In some species there is a thickened midrib, and some may have pores (small holes) dotted about their surface(http://www. hiddenforest. co. nz/bryophytes/liverworts/intro. tm). Habitat of Liverworts Liverworts are literally found everywhere. They flourish on every continent and landmass, and exploit a remarkably diverse array of microhabitats. In addition to growing in persistently moist environments, such as in fresh water, on forest floors, waterfall splash zones, and stream banks, some are well adapted to microhabitats where water is limited. These include on bark and t wigs (epiphytes), on the surface of leaves (epiphylls), and on the rock surface. Some liverworts are even able to persist in truly desert environments. The ocean and other salty aquatic habitats are the only environments where liverworts are absent. (http://www. biology. duke. edu/bryology/liTol/ecoConsRefs. html). Life Cycle of Liverworts The unique life cycle of liverworts and hornworts consists of a spore producing body called a sporophyte that is attach to and dependent on the gamete producing body called gametophyte for its nutrient supply. The taxonomy and proper identification of these two groups of bryophytes depend on characters observed from both the gametophyte and sporophyte bodies. The gametophyte body is haploid (one set of chromosomes) and produces the sex organ, either the archegonia (female) or the antheridia (male). The sex organs of liverworts are surrounded and protected by specialize leafy appendages or the other types of protected structures, while that of hornworts are sunken into the gametophyte for protection. The female archegonium is flask-shaped structure consisting of a long neck and an enlarged basal portion (venter) where the egg cell is born. Contrasting the male antheridium is the elongated or oblong structure with a basal stalk (Piippo et al, 2002). Economic Importance of Liverworts Liverworts have little direct economic importance today. Their greatest impact is indirect, through the reduction of erosion along stream banks, their collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of soil crusts in deserts and Polar Regions. However, a few species are used by humans directly. A few species, such as Riccia fluitans, are aquatic thallose liverworts sold for use in aquariums. Their thin, slender branches float on the waters surface and provide habitat for both small invertebrates and the fish that feed on them (Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, amp; S. E. Eichhorn. 2005). In United States Geological Survey of Forest and Rangeland and Ecosystem Science in July 21, 2003, liverworts also have great potential as indicator for long-term ecological monitoring because they are obviously an important aesthetic and functional part of park ecosystems; they are susceptible to changes in air quality, precipitation chemistry and climate. The liverworts, together with mosses and hornworts, play a vital role in, and constitute a major part of, the biodiversity in moist forest, wetland, mountain and tundra ecosystems. They frequently dominate (co-dominate with lichens) severely stressed environments, such as exposed mountain summits, upland stream communities, and toxic environments (e. g. , soil rich in heavy metals), where most vascular plants are unable to compete successfully (Hallingback, N 2000). Medicinal uses of Liverworts Bryophytes are good sources of medicine such as the liverworts which contain biologically active substances and recent study in the United States on the anti-cancer properties of bryophytes has been rewarding. Some of the result of this research can be found in Spjut et. al. (2007). In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the liver, hence the name. In Old English, the word liverwort literally means liver plant (Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, amp; S. E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th ed. , page 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005). This probably stemmed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts (which resemble a liver in outline), and led to the common name of the group as hepatics, from the Latin word hepaticus for â€Å"belonging to the liver†. An unrelated flowering plant, Hepatica, is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the â€Å"Doctrine of Signatures† (Sadava, David; David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, May Berenbaum, 2009) Several Researches Conducted Related to Liverworts The liverwort flora is still largely unknown in as much as reports of collection are scanty, widely scattered and cannot easily be assembled. The following list of known records has been exhausted by the researchers. Azuelo (2005) in her report of Bryophytes Flora in Mt. Malindang, Misamis Oriental that there are 11 families, 13 Genera and 18 species of liverworts. Liverworts have 3 families, genera and species as cited by (Neri et. al 2007) In the study conducted by (Repolidon and Colinares, 2012) they reported 23 species with 5 families and 11 genera of liverworts along the mountain streams in Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. Lastly, (Azuelo, et. al 2012) in their study on Species Richness of Bryophytes and Lichens in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon reported that there are twelve (12) families, twenty (20) genera and sixty-two (62) species of liverworts found in the said study site. METHODOLOGY A. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) with the Locale People A letter was personally given to the office of the Punong   Barangay of Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon before the conduct of the study. B. Establishment of the Study Area and Sampling Design The conduct of inventory of liverworts was done by quadrat sampling within 20 x 20 meters inside the quadrat. All the liverworts were collected along the study site were listed, and their associated habitats were noted. C. Location of the Study site The research sites were located in Mt. Kalatungan Range National Park situated in san Guinto, Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. The site was located in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan Range. The said site has approximately 2,008 meters above sea level and the relative humidity is 14? C. D. Research Design The study utilized the descriptive and research survey. E. Preparation of Herbarium Specimen The collected specimens of liverworts was placed in a plastic bag with a field label data such as: collection number, data of collection, associated habitats and the presence of the sporophyte. This was then air dried and place in packet envelope and will properly label for herbarium vouchers. F. Identification, Classification and Description of Liverworts Species The specimens was identified and classified based on their gametophyte differentiation: leafy and thalloid. Leafy liverworts are described morphologically by their diagnostic characters such as color, size, leaf insertion, and leaf apex and leaf margins. Thalloid liverworts are described morphologically based on plant habit: prostrate, ascending, erect or hanging; whether the body is dichotomous or irregular; presence of midrib; presence of involucres on the reproductive organ. Identification was made using the existing herbaria and keys from books, scientific articles and journals. Further examinations were done through field lens. The specimen was initially identified by the researchers and confirmed by Dr. Andrea G. Azuelo, a bryologist based in Central Mindanao University, Musuan Bukidnon. G. Species Distribution in the Site The number of families, genera, and species of the collected specimens in the site was determined and compared. H. Photo Documentation A digital camera was used for the documentation for the study site and the specimen was taken from their natural habitats. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION _______________________________________ The results shows a total of twenty one (21) species with eight (8) genera and eight (8) families found in the study site. Based on their gametophyte differentiation, leafy and thalloid liverworts were observed. There are three (3) thalloids liverworts species and eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species. Most of the species collected were confined on decayed logs because most likely the decayed logs were more preferable habitat of liverworts. Given are the species of Liverworts and their description collected on the mossy forest on December 27-29, 2012. Family : Metzgeriaceae Collection Number: 1 Scientific Name: Metzgeria sp. Description:Leafy liverworts, Dark green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lack air chambers, air pores, ventral scales and pegged rhizoids. Marginal hairs, single pairs, curved and hooked. Collection Number: 2 Scientific Name: Metzgeria consanguine Description:  Ã‚   Leafy liverworts. Yellow green when fresh and dark green when dry. Family: Lepidoziaceae Collection Number: 3 Scientific Name: Lepidozia sp. Description:Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical to ovate, alternate distantly arranged, leaf base plains, leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo, 2005) Collection number: 4 Scientific name: Lepidozia sp. 1 Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical; leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex toothed(Azuelo 2006). Collection Number: 5 Scientific name: Bazzania sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Green to dark green when dry and green to yellow green in tip when dry. Lateral leaves lingulate-cutriform; Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; Leaf apex toothed (Azuelo,2005). Collection Number: 6 Scientific name: Bazzania sp. 2 Description: Leafy liverworts. Green to dark glossy green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaf irregular lingulate; leaf base plain,leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 7 Scientific name: Bazzania tridens Description: Leafy liverworts. Dark glossy green when fresh greenish brown when dry. Leaf spreading/parent. Lateral leaf irregular lingulate; leaf base plain, leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo, 2005) Family: Pallaviciniaceae Collection Number: 8 Scientific name: Pallvicinia llyellii Description: Thalloid liverworts. Green when fresh and greenish brown when dry,  branched. Leaves in many lobes,leaf base plain; leaf margin entire;leaf apex round; presence of â€Å"vita† (Azuelo et. al. 2011). Family: Marchantiaceae Collection Number: 9 Scientific name: Marchantia polymorpha Description: Thalloid   liverwort. Green when fresh and brownish green when dry. Leaves in many lobe;leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex round; presence of costa(Azuelo et. al. 2011). Collection Number: 10 Scientific name: Dumortiera hirsuta Description: Thalloid liverwort. Green when fresh and dry. Leaves in many lobes,leaf base plain, leaf margin entire; leaf apex round. Presence of â€Å"vitta†. (Azuelo et. al. 2011). Family: Schistochilaceae Collection Number: 11 Scientific name: Schistochila sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and yellowish green when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical; Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 12 Scientific name: Schistochila sp. 2 Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Collection Number:13 Scientific name: Schistochila aligera Description: Leafy liverworts. Yellow when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Collection Number: 14 Scientific name: Schistochila macrodonta Description: Leafy liverworts. Yellow green when fresh and dark green when dry. Lateral leaves oblong; leaf base cordate; leaf margin serrulate, leaf apex entire. Family: Plagiochilaceae Collection Number: 15 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. Description:Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and brown when dry; lateral leaves cultriform-lingulate, leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex toothed in one side, entire in other side. Absence of ventral/under leaves. Collection Number: 16 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. 1 Description: Leafy liverworts. Light green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaves cultriform,leaf margin dentate,leaf apex obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number:17 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. lateral   leaves ovate, leaf margin dentate,leaf apex very obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 18 Scientific name: Plagiochila bantamensis Description : Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and pale green when dry. Leaves long, narrowly inserted to the stem, unlobed, toothed. Ventral leaf base forms a sac with ciliate margins; underleaves ciliate-dentate margins. Collection Number:19 Scientific name: Plagiochila javanica Description:Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire, leaf apex acute. Family: Geocalycaceae Collection Number: 20 Scientific name: Heteroscyphus sp. Description :Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. With 2-3 asymetrical teeth at leaf apices. Family: Lejeuneaceae Collection Number:21 Scientific name: Lejeunia sp. Description: Leafy liverwort. Green when fresh and dry,leaf margin entire and apex  Ã‚  Ã‚  blunty pointed. The table 1 (Appendix A) shows that families Lepidoziaceae , Plagiochilaceae and Schistochilaceae had abundance species found in the study site namely: Lepidozia sp, Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens, Bazzania sp. and Bazzania sp. 2 for the family Lepidoziaceae. For the family Plagiochilaceae the following species were identified: Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1 Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica and Plagiochila bantamensis . Schistochila macrodonta Schistochila sp, Schistochila sp. 2 and Schistochila aligera are the species collected for family Schistochilaceae. While families Metzgeriaceae, Geocalecaceae and Lejeuneaceae had less abundance species. Namely: Metzgeria sp. and Metzgeria consanguine for family Metzgeriaceae; Heteroscyphus sp. (family Geocalecaceae ) and Lejeunea sp. (family Lejeuneaceae). Among the identified species of liverworts there are three (3) thalloids liverworts species namely: Pallavicinia llyeii , Dumortiera hirsuta and Marchantia polymorpha sp. and eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species: Metzgeria sp. , Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp, Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens, Bazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2, Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2, Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1, Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. Most of the species collected were confined on decayed logs because most likely the decayed logs were more preferable habitat of liverworts Table 2 (Appendix B). The results shows a total of eight (8) families namely: Family Metzgeriaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Schistochilaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Geocalecaceae, and Lejeuneceae. This also includes eight (8) genera namely: Metzgeria, Lepidozia, Pallavicinia, Marchantia, Schistochila, Plagiochila, Heteroscyphus and Lejeunea. The findings of the study shows that there are twenty one (21) species of liverworts collected namely: Metzgeria sp, Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp. , Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens,   Bazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2,Pallavicinia llyeii, Dumortiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha sp. , Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2,Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1,   Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. Table 3 (Appendix C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The table 4 (Appendix D) shows that some species of liverworts collected has a medicinal importance. This includes the species of   Dumortiera sp. s source for antibiotics: Marchantia polymorpha as diuretics for liver ailments, insect bites, boils and abscesses, treat pulmonary tuberculosis, with growth inhibiting substances; used to cure cuts, fractures, poisonous bites, burns, scalds, and open wounds, for cardiovascular disease; Pallavicinia sp. as extracts for antimicrobial activity; Plagiochila sp. exhibits anti-leukemic activity/anti-microbial activity; Bazzania sp. exhibits anti-fungal activity; and Leujenia sp. can cure chest pain. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary and Conclusion This research is conducted to be able to inventory the distribution of liverworts in the mossy forest in Mt. Kalatungan, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. Specifically this study aimed to: 1) collect, classify and identify the liverworts in the study sites. 2) determine how the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest and 3) determine the species of liverworts with medicinal value. Based on the findings of the study, twenty one (21) species of liverworts were collected with eight families namely: Family Metzgeriaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Schistochilaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Geocalecaceae, and Lejeuneceae. This also includes eight (8) genera namely: Metzgeria, Lepidozia, Pallavicinia, Marchantia, Schistochila, Plagiochila, Heteroscyphus and Lejeunea. The findings of the study shows that there are twenty one (21) species of liverworts collected namely: Metzgeria sp, Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp. , Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens,   Bazzania sp. , Bazzania sp. 2,Pallavicinia llyeii, Dumortiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha sp. , Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2,Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1,   Plagiochila sp. ,Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. The identified species were identified according to gametophyte differentiation: leafy and thalloid. There are a total of eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species and three (3)   thalloids liverworts species. The collected species were also classified based on their taxonomic characters such as color, classification, shape, apex a nd margin. Findings also shows that there are six (6) of liverworts had potential value in medicine. This includes: Durmotiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha, Pallavicinia sp. Plagiochila sp. , Bazzania sp. ,and Leujenia sp. Most of the species are recorded to possess antimicrobial activity, anti-leukemic and anti-fungal property. Recommendation The researchers recommends that further study on the morphological  diversity of liverworts requires an in-depth study to carefully explore and describe their morphology  character. It is also recommended to conduct study on the other parts of the mossy forest with establishments of more sampling plots in the study sites and the factors   that affect the species distribution has to be considered. Further scientific research on the study sites should be conducted to find out more medicinal species of liverworts for the benefits of everyone. LITERATURE CITED Azuelo,A. ,Sariana,L. ,Magday,E. ,and Montecillo,R. 2012. Species Richness and Biodiversity of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bryophytes and Lichens in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Azuelo,A. ,Sariana,L. and Pabualan,M. 2011. Some Medicinal Bryophytes: Their Ethnobotanical Uses and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morphology. Asian Journal of Biodiversity. Bongay,K. , Lofranco,M. , and Maribao,H. 2012. Distribution of Liverworts along Maradugao   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   River, Malinao, Kalilangan, Bukidnon. Manville,G. ,Webster,H. , and Stabley,J. Bryophytes and Lichens: Review of Status in Pennsylvania. Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, and S. E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th ed. , page 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005). ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. Sadava, David; David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, May Berenbaum (2009). Life: The Science of Biology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (9th ed. ). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 599. ISBN  1429246448. WEBLIOGRAPHY http://www. anbg. gov. au/bryophyte/liverwort-leafy. html Appendix A TABLE 1:   Family, genera and species of liverworts found in the study sites. FAMILY| GENERA| SPECIES| Metzgeriaceae| Metzgeria| Metzgeria sp. Metzgeria consanguine| Lepidoziaceae| Lepidozia| Lepidozia spLepidozia sp. 1Bazzania tridensBazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2| Pallaviciniaceae| Pallavicinia| Pallavicinia llyeii| Marchantiaeceae| Marchantia| Dumortiera hirsutaMarchantia polymorpha sp. | Schistochilaceae| Schistochila| Schistochila macrodontaSchistochila sp. Schistochila sp. 2Schistochila aligera| Plagiochilaceaea| Plagiochila| Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1Plagiochila sp. 2Plagiochila javanicaPlagiochila bantamensis| Geocalecaceae| Heteroscyphus| Heteroscyphus sp. | Lejeuneaceae| Lejeuneae| Lejeunea sp. Appendix B Table 2: Types of liverworts based on their classification and their habitats Family| Species| Types| Habitat| Metzgeriaceae| Metzgeria sp. Metzgeria consaguine| LeafyLeafy| Tree rootsTwigs| Lepidoziaceae| Lepidozia spLepidozia sp. 1Bazzania tridensBazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Decayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logs| Palla viciniaceae| Pallavicinia llyeii| Thalloids| Decayed roots| Marchantiaeceae| Dumortiera hirsutaMarchantia polymorpha sp. | ThalloidsThalloids| Decayed branchDecayed logs| Schistochilaceae| Schistochila macrodontaSchistochila sp. Schistochila sp. 2Schistochila aligera| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Decayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logs| Plagiochilaceaea| Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1Plagiochila sp. 2Plagiochila javanicaPlagiochila bantamensis| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Tree trunkTree trunkDecayed branchDecayed branchSoil/Decayed logs| Geocalecaceae| Heteroscyphus sp. | Leafy| Fallen branch| Lejeuneaceae| Lejeunea sp. | Leafy| Decayed logs| Appendix C TABLE 3: Summary of Liverworts collected in Mt. kalatungan, Pangantucan,   Bukidnon. FAMILIES| GENERA| SPECIES| Metzgeriaceae| 1| 2| Lepidoziaceae| 1| 5| Pallaviciniaceae| 1| 1| Marchantiaceae| 1| 2| Schistochilaceae| 1| 4| Plagiochilaceae| 1| 5| Geocalycacea| 1| 1| Lejeuneaceae| 1| 1| TOTAL 8| 8| 21| Appendix D TABLE 4: Species of liverworts and their medicinal uses or properties found in the study sites SPECIES OF LIVERWORTS| MEDICINAL USES| 1. Durmotiera hirsuta| As source for antibiotics *| 2. Marchantia polymorpha  | As diuretics for liver ailments, insect bites, boils and abscesses, treat pulmonary tuberculosis, with growth inhibitingsubstances; used to cure cuts, fractures, poisonous bites, burns, scalds, and open wounds, for cardiovascular disease *| 3. Pallavicinia sp. | Extracts for antimicrobial activity *| 4. Plagiochila sp. | Exhibits anti-leukemic activity/anti-microbial activity*| 5. Bazzania sp. | Exhibits anti-fungal activity***| 6. Leujenia sp| Can cure chest pain**| References:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * Azuelo, et. al. 2011. Asian Journal of Biodiversity. Volume 2 ** Boom,1996:67 *** http://. arkat-usa. org/get-file/18667/

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Early Roman politics - Assignment Example The era marked the creation of the Rome Republic ruled by magistracies including praetors, tribunes, censors, and aediles (Winterling 57). The Republic also had a voting assembly that would vote on crucial matters like war. Series of wars and attacks would weaken Romans political system, but the Republic was able to regain its dominance in the Mediterranean Sea region and become politically strong again. The Late Republic era marked the dominance of senators on the countrys political system though emergency of influential individuals like Julio Ceasar would shape early politics in Rome (Winterling 54). Julio Ceasar came at a time when politics situation in Rome was restless with clear political divisions. The republic governance also marked early Roman politics. The Senate had full legislative power. The era also marked autocratic rule by emperors whose presence meant that the Senate could only function as an advisory body to the Emperor. The early political situation in Rome depicts a republic with weak political institutions a factor that would lead to the fall of some

Strategic Leadership In An Organizational Change Process Management Essay

Strategic Leadership In An Organizational Change Process Management Essay The following essay will critically discuss the role of strategic leadership in an organizational change process using relevant theories and example. The objective of this paper is to come up with a solution of the many challenges that occur in the process of organizational change through implementing proper leadership. Organizational change refers to a situation whereby an organization adopts a new strategy in the way it carries out its activities and management for better or removes a major section or an operational department (McNamara, 2011). Strategic leadership on the other hand refers to the implementation of strategies in the management of workers in any organization. Organizations always go through change, at times gradual and other times drastic throughout their normal life cycle whereby organizational leaders may create change driving forces within the organization. For example, radical changes may take place in an organization leading to structural transformation through which organizations attempt to revitalize business orientations through changing the reporting structure. Other changes, for instance, merger and acquisition, transforming the top management of an organization, reorganization and restructuring of the company may affect the organization culture and processes. Most of these transformations in organization are mainly meant to down size the size of the organization (Pryor et al, 2008). However, organizational change is not always embraced positively by the employees and the stakeholders thus it is a very challenging process (Appelbaum, St-Pierre Glavas, 2000, Pg 293). Most people are either afraid or unwilling to try out something new and they may go ahead convincing their counterparts otherwise. In other instances, organizational change is viewed like a threat by those who have been used to the old system (Pryor et al, 2008).. For instance, when a certain unproductive department may be scrapped from the company by the management, the employees feel threatened to loose their jobs thus resisting this change. This may lead to demonstration and if the leadership is not very careful, they may end up frustrated and may even fail to achieve their objectives and goals. This is where leaders ought to undertake proper change management in order to accommodate the views of each party and to make proper decision which wont affect the overall performance of the organization ( Thompsons, 2008, p5). When an organization is going through change, proper change management is vital in order to take the company through proper and successful transition. This is a time when the leaders and the managers need to exercise their leadership fully. Leaders should be the role models and the best examples to the rest of the employees in the implementation of change to show the positive attitude and that change is possible. Apart from action, they should explain the need for change to the employees, displaying the benefit and the importance of change in order to create a positive attitude even as they work towards the change. Once the employees find the attitude that their leaders have towards the change, they will be willing to learn more about the change and they will be motivated to participate more in implementing the change (Pryor et al, 2008). Several theories will be discussed in the essay pertaining the organization change and change management. We will also look at the economic importance of strategic leadership in change management. This will be in relation to the Arabic nature of the organization culture. Strategic leadership Strategic leadership involves use of strategy to manage workers in an organization (Cyprus, 2010, Para1). Strategy refers to a long-term plan of action that has been laid down by a company in order to achieve competitive advantage, by meeting the market needs and the stakeholders competition, through proper combination of resources (Johnson Scholes, 2011). The basic strategy that managers employ in organizations is motivation of workers in order for them to be productive at the end of the day. For strategic leadership to be successful, the managers ought to be critical thinkers and to apply the theories of strategic planning. Leaders are the most important assets of the company since their mode of leadership determines the future of the company and the productivity of the workers. Their input to the company and to the employees inspires them to take the appropriate action thus laying the foundation for the future of the company (Cyprus, 2010, Para1). Strategic leadership works handy with strategic planning, competitive advantage and comparative advantage. Competitive advantage refers to an advantage an individual or a company has over his competitors by offering goods and services to the market at a lower opportunity cost (Annon, 2011). It is a theory that tries to address some of the criticisms of comparative advantage which refers to the ability of a firm to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost as compared to its rivals. Since competitors can easily learn any strategic position, it has become so challenging for leaders to maintain competitive advantage over their rivals. Also, there has been acute and drastic global competition and technological changes that require the leaders to be updated and we set with the current affairs in order to protect the future of their organizations. Strategic leaders are therefore always focused and looking ahead as well as analyzing the present to prepare the business for what may be ahead (Cyprus, 2010, Para1). The major aspect in strategic leaders is awareness of the market, current as well as possible future occurrences, critical thinking out of action, adaptability as well as growth oriented. They implement their leadership roles by training the employees to get things done by combining resources in order to come up with the best results for the company (Cyprus, 2010, Para1) . Organizational Change Organizational change refers to a situation whereby an organization adopts a new strategy in the way it carries out its activities and management for better or removes a major section or an operational department (McNamara, 2011). Organizational change may also occur when the organization evolves through growth with time from what was established to something else after input of resources. This is the development that an organization gains as it grows and it is a major and very significant process of organization change. Since no organization remains static or the way it was established, the topic of organization change has become a very common and widespread topic among business people as well as scholars (McNamara, 2011). Strategic leadership is very core in the process of organizational change in order to embrace this change in a positive and rewarding way as well as preventing negative impact of change to the company. Leaders and managers are faced with a challenging task to accomplish successful and significant change whereby some achieve beyond our expectations whereas others struggle a lot and fail. Reasons for organizational Change Organizational change is brought about by different reason, some of which are from the management whereas others are out of human control. Natural disaster and acts of terrorism are some of the major reasons that may bring about organizational change. The Arabic community has been facing many of these kinds of hazards in their continents directly or indirectly which has made it important to embrace the culture of organization change in their organizations. For instance, the long time war in Afghanistan and Iraq has affected many organizations leading to implementation of new strategies and dynamics. This is because the terrorist attacks may at times target an organization in such a manner that it is not possible to continue with its ordinary culture. Also, major disasters in the United States have been associated with the terrorist groups in the Arabic community making it very hard for the two parties to do business together thus need for organizational transformation to accommodate these changes. Change management theories An organization must be in a position to understand the changes itmight be going through for it to manage it successfully, otherwise, any change is doomed to serious problem and failure. Some of the change management tactics include accepting the brief, diagnosing the change through investigation to be able to understand the change, managing the stakeholders carefully, planning for change by creating a bullet proof plan, managing change project by making it happen in practice, investing in means of turning the plans in to reality, designing the organization in such a manner that it will accommodate the changes and successfully move from the old organization in to a new organization, employing change techniques that will instill personal change among the parties involved in the organization to make it easy in to reality and adopting the 4D change project framework that is good at managing organizational change projects (Annon, 2002-2011, Chapman, 2005-2010). Scholars have come up with various theories that explains change management some of which include the action research theory, Lewins three step modal, Scheins Extension of Lewins Change Model, The Lippit, Watson and Westley model of planned change which expanded Lewins Three-Step Model to a Five-Phase Model, Kotters Strategic Eight-Step Model, Mento, Jones and Dirmdofer.s Twelve-Step Model, Jicks Ten-Step Model and Shields five-step model (Pryor et al, 2008 Kritsonis, 2005). Let us look at some of the change management theories in details. Action Research Model Action Research Model or Theory involves several and diversified tactic of implementing change. It involves a combination of changing the attitudes and behaviors as well as crosschecking and testing the change technique to be employed. Changing of attitude and behavior mostly involves the leadership and the employee (Pryor et al, 2008). This is the very important stage whereby the leaders and the managers ought to exercise their leadership and help their juniors in to the change process. This involves training the employees concerning the change process that may be required as well as giving them a good example by acting as their role models. At this stage, the management should take their time to let the employees and the stakeholders the importance, reasons and benefits of change process that needs to be undertaken in order to create a positive attitude in them and to give them morale towards wanting to learn more concerning the new change in the organization. This part of changing the actions and behaviors of the parties involved in the organization is action oriented because the ultimate goal is to make change happen. The other part that is covered in the action research theory involves testing the change method being utilized. In this part, the leaders revolve around trying different frameworks in a real situation as a means of testing or confirming whether the theories can yield their objectives. They may also apply different theories in different situations they have identified in the organization that require change. The basic requirement in this part is to understand the change itself in order to avoid repeated try and error but to identify the matching theory easily. There are three major steps that lead to the implementation of the change through strategic leadership. It requires first to diagnose the need for change in an organization probably due to global and technological changes or any other reason. After identifying the need to do organizational change, it is followed by introducing an intervention and finally evaluation and stabilizing change. The above three steps of change are cons istent with the three steps to be discussed in the Lewins Model (Pryor et al, 2008) Lewins Model/ Theory Lewins model is characterized by three major steps of implementing change which include 1) Unfreezing the present- This involves diagnosing the need for change in an organization. 2) The second step involves moving from the present by introducing intervention. This is where the parties involved stop using the old and the ordinary methods in running the organization and starts using the new changed techniques. 3) Refreezing- This is the final stage of action as seen in the Lewins Model and it involves final evaluation and stabilizing of the change process. This is where the organization community is now convinced that the direction the leadership took is the best and the results may even be felt (Pryor et al, 2008). For the Lewins model to be significant and permanent it is important to carefully follow the above mentioned steps, otherwise, the impacts will be short lived. It is important to move from the present without giving room to the possibility of moving back. It is a planned change whose speed has drastically increased in the present day. However, the Lewins model can be applied in unplanned changes in a situation where there is a high probability that change will occur. For instance, in the cases of natural disaster like hurricanes, earthquakes and floods, the probability of change taking place is very high whereby, these occurrences happen unplanned. It is therefore possible to apply this model on preparation of a disaster to take place in some unknown time. In most cases, the public may not be willing the changes proposed by their leaders whereby the three stages are not carefully followed and this results in damages when the public is caught unawares (Pryor et al, 2008). Scheins Model This theory is an extension of Lewins Model which describes how the three stages of action should be implemented. It describes on the best methods of unfreezing, moving from the present and freezing. Schein describes that for unfreezing to work, or diagnosing the need for change in an organization, in order for people to embrace the change, they must first see the need for change, whereby they are not satisfied with the prevailing status quo. This is where people start seeing the difference between the existing state and the expected state. Once people realize the gap between what is prevailing and what is expected, they are motivated to work towards change in order to bridge the gap and achieve their goals. In order to achieve or accomplish the desired goal, people must be assured that taking the action of change wont humiliate or frustrate them in any way (Pryor et al, 2008). The second stage of organizational change involves moving or changing from the present to the future or the expected goal. Schein identifies this stage with cognitive restructuring which helps people adopt a different view of event from the present to the future. He describes that for cognitive restructuring to be effective, people must identify with new role models as well as acquiring new and relevant information pertaining the new changes to help them move forward (Pryor et al, 2008). The third stage of organizational change according to the Lewins model of change management is the freezing stage. This stage is involved in stabilizing the change making it permanent and ensuring that it is not short-lived. In his description over this stage, Schein has divided this stage in to self and relation with others. He describes that for the change to be stable and permanent, people must personally adopt the changed way of doing things and make it comfortable and usual to work out things using that method. In relation with others, they must ensure that their attitude and behavior are aligned towards the new system permanently (Pryor et al, 2008, p9). Lippitt, Watson and Westleys Expansion of Lewins Change Model This model expands and changes the Lewins model by making the steps of change five instead of three. The five stages of the expanded model include unfreezing, establishing a change relationship, moving, refreezing and finally achieving a terminal relationship (Pryor et al, 2008, p10) Kotters Model Kotters model of change management is an eight phase theory whereby each step lasts a certain period and mistakes in one phase can affect the success of the whole plan. This model is best suit in strategic leadership and strategic management whereby through changing the vision of an organization, it is possible to change the vision of the organization. The eight phases of Kotters model include 1) Creating a sense of urgency 2) Proper handling of the resistant groups 3) Creating a plan of action 4) Proper communication of change to the organization 5) Doing the necessary training pertaining the new idea 6) Short terms rewards to those who have embraced change 7) Process evaluation and implementing the necessary changes 9) demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success change to reinforce making the change permanent (Pryor et al, 2008, p10) . Role of Strategic Leadership in Organization Change Strategic leadership involves the application of strategy in the management of an organization. In this case, leaders are very instrumental in ensuring that organizational change establishes and is permanent. There are different types of leaders some of which cannot be able to see through a process of change while others are very good at it However, due to specialization, the two kinds of leaders to discussed briefly below are necessary in an organization setting in the process of change (Centre for Creative Leadership, 2005, p1). The charismatic leader- This kind of a leader has personal quality and ability to mobilize and sustains a n activity in an organization. During the process of change, a charismatic leader, through personal action and perceived personal characteristics, is able to mobilize the employees and sustain an efficient adoption towards the new dynamics. A charismatic leader can easily change an individuals values, goals, needs and aspirations. Though he is the popular kind of a leader, his leadership is observable and definable since his behavioral characteristics are very clear. A charismatic leader has three major components: envisioning, energizing and enabling which are very key in the process of organizational change (Schneier, 2011, Pg 281). Instrumental leader- This kind of a leader ensures that every person in the management team as well as all the employees follow the proposed line of change to ensure that the process is consistent and permanent. He invests in building of competent teams, clarifying the line of action to his team, both leaders and the employees, building in measurements and administration of rewards and punishment depending on how individuals handle the process. An instrumental leader ensures that the established process of change is not short lived but lasts permanently (Schneier, 2011, Pg 281). Effective organizational transformation requires both charismatic and instrumental leaders. A charismatic leader is good at generating energy, creating commitment and directing individuals towards the new approach of the organization. An instrumental leader eurs consistency in the adoption of te new organizational approach. Let us look at some of the roles of strategic leadership in organizational change management (Ireland Hitt, 2006, p63). As mentioned earlier, organization change is not always embraced positively in an organization. In this case, strategic leadership should be capable of introducing the news about change in a very professional and conducive way to ensure that the parties involved receive them positively (Heller Bonno, 2006). This includes proper prior training, workshops and acting as role models to the rest such that the rest of the people are motivated and are eager to learn more and adopt the change. It is necessary to introduce the process of change in piecemeal to reduce chances of resistance (Appelbaum, St-Pierre Glavas, 2000, pg 294). Once the organization is aware of the intended change and the means and dynamics of implementing change, it is the role of leaders to ensure that the procedures are carefully followed. This involves consistent monitoring and evaluation of the employees, rewarding those who do well to motivate them whereas those who entertain laxity are faced with the appropriate repercussion. If the leadership is consistent with monitoring and evaluation processes, adoption of the new leadership techniques may take root very easily and the employees will forget the old system and get used to the new one (Schneier, 2011, Pg 281). The effectiveness of the management affects the success of change management a great deal. During the initial stages of a change process, a leader ought to be envisioning such that he is able to create a picture of the future which people can identify with and work towards its achievement. People are more likely to be committed when working towards a common goal (Schneier, 2011, Pg 281). Another role o a strategic leader is generation of energy and motivation of workers in the organization to motivate them to work towards the set goal. The common method a leader may use in energizing the employees is through demonstration of personal excitement through personal contact with the organization employees. Once employees identify the confidence in their leaders, they may not hesitate to be involved in the process of change (Schneier, 2011, Pg 282). Furthermore, strategic leadership is responsible of helping people psychologically to be able to perform when faced with challenges. After everything has been done for the employees and is set to do the work, it is important to give them emotional support in times of need. A good leader should be able to listen to his employees, understand their problem and participate in coming up with a solution. Employees tend to have more confidence in that kind of a leader whereby a charismatic leader is better suit for this position (Schneier, 2011, Pg 282). Economic importance of strategic leadership and change management Strategic leadership in change management has got its own benefits in the overall community of the organization. Some of its benefits towards the organization include, providing the staff with direction and focus, Forming the basis for objectives and strategies, Inspiring positive emotions about the organization, Ensuring unanimity of purpose and Helping resolve divergent views among employees. It is the basic core of an organization that determines success or frustrations in it (Bondenm, 2009). However, strategic leadership may at times be biased and fail to provide the benefits thats meant to bring in an organization. For instance, the strategic vision to be effected by the leaders may only be favoring the interests of the leaders while failing to consider the interests of the subordinate and ordinary employees. Also, senior executives use failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ prone practices, may engage in or condone unethical conduct, may pay little or no attention to productivity, quality, and innovation, may allocate time and money unwisely and may apply too much intuition and too little rational analysis (Bondenm, 2009). Conclusion Strategic leadership and change management are two very close areas which are very interdependent. Change management can be very frustrating and at times disappointing if it is accompanied by poor leadership. To have proper and effective organization change, it is necessary to employ good management whose source is from the leaders. This is why it is important as the essay pertains, to learn the relationship between the two, including the theories describing them, their economic importance as well as the role of strategic leadership in change management. Every organization has its culture and in this particular case, the organization change must be in line with the Arabic culture. This is because each community has its own beliefs which are different from the rest in the whole globe. However, since diversified kinds of people are likely to work within the organization who may not be necessarily Arabs, it is important to have policies and changes within the organization that are open to the global and technological changes. Organizations always go through transformation throughout their life cycle. This is because an organization starts when it is small and as people continues investing in it , it continues growing and there may be need for change in one area or another. Also, the prevailing global and technological changes have got so much impact on the well being of an organization. For instance, introduction of the internet has reduced the world in to a cyberspace whereby most of organization needs to adopt these changes. Technology has also reduced the need of so much manpower since most of the work can now be done using the machine. This has led to drastic organizational changes whose goals I mainly to downsize the companies. This results to laying off of staff whose solution has been brought about by the introduction of 24 hour working shift that ensures that work is done all the time. Organization change may either be planned or unplanned. H planned change s mainly mean to improve the conditions of the organization while the unplanned depends on its nature. For example, natural unnatural disasters r not planned and the change enforced by them may not be positive whereas technological and global effects impacts organizations positively and they are not planned. Strategic leadership is very important in managing both of these changes to ensure that their results ar always positive. Several theories have been laid down to show the relationship between strategic leadership in change management. When learnt keenly, it is clear that change involves stages which leaders should overlook carefully since a mistake in one stage of change may affect the overall results of the change process. It is also clear that the leaders should be in the front line in the implementation of the change process. Firstly, they should be the role models to the rest of the organization; they should make proper communication to the people and should ensure that the employees stick to the set plan to ensure consistency. Though strategic leadership has got many benefits, it does not lack a few challenges that affect the effectiveness of the change process. For example, there may lack proper leadership to implement the change process or the change may be biased. Also, the community may resist change making it hard for them to achieve their goals. Through proper leadership and proper prior preparation, It is possible to prevent negative results in a change process.

Billy Budd Essay: Close, but no Christ Figure -- Billy Budd Essays

Billy Budd – Close, but no Christ Figure      Ã‚   Billy Budd, the foretopman in Billy Budd, Sailor, seems similar to Jesus Christ because of his relative appearance of purity, simplicity, and innocence. He posses human virtues which cannot be explained but* by any other method except comparison to Christ. Yet, while Budd may seem like a "Christ figure" at first glance, he is a far cry from the Christ of the Holy Bible.    Budd is human, and his short comings-his natural flaws and apathy towards others and his work-make it impossible for him to be a Christ figure-one who is blameless from birth until death, has the purpose of humanity's redemption continually in mind, and is totally self-sacrificing despite possession of tremendous power. Because he is human, Budd lives a very human life, and his actions throughout his life and ultimate death, while uncharacteristically heroic, are always limited to those of humanity. Christ, possessing unfathomable power lives a godly life and lays that life down to save humanity in fulfillment of prophecy. Further, the method and meaning of Budd's death is entirely different-in fact, not even related to those of Christ's death, burial, and resurrection.    "In this particular Billy was a striking instance that the arch interferer, the envious marplot of Eden, still has more or less to do with every human consignment to this plant of Earth" (1879). Budd, though created in the image of God, suffers imperfection and sin like every human being on Earth. His most visible imperfection, that which makes the most striking presentation, is his tendency to stutter under emotionally pressured situations. However, while his most visible flaw, it is not his only flaw as a human being. Billy B... ...f Grace and Redemption. This mission of Christ's determines the life He leads and the death He suffers, as well as the reason for His resurrection. Budd, having no reason to be where he is, leads a simple and apathetic life. His death, therefore, is of little or no consequence to those in the greater world. While Budd's simplicity and human virtue make him seem Christ-like on the surface, he lacks that connection to God that determines the very soul of a man. William Budd, foretopman, is not a "Christ figure" because he is not, and could never be, the Lamb of God.    Works Cited Melville, Herman. Billy Budd, Sailor. The American Tradition in Literature. Ed. George Perkins, et al. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company, 1990. 1872-1924. The Holy Bible. Ed. David R. Veerman, et al. New King James Version. Ilinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 1994.

Compassion in The Witch of Blackbird Pond Essay

Compassion is important in every walk of life. The definition of compassion is : a virtue of empathy for the suffering of others and a desire to alleviate that suffering. Compassion is important because it makes up who you are and is a strong part of human love. Without compassion, no human could ever get close to each other or function together as a society. Without compassion, people would not be able work together because they would not care about anyone else’s pain. There would be no working together towards a common goal, that is one of the key pillars of society. Compassion is reason we have doctors and nurses. Compassion is reason that when we see someone hurt, on the ground, we help them up. In the novel, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, Kit and Nat show compassion for Hannah Tupper when her house burns down. She is their friend and they are sympathetic for her and do anything to help her. They even go into the building to retrieve her cats. They are feeling compassion for her and will help to alleviate her suffering, risking the possible legal repercussions of aiding a witch. Another instance in the novel in which the characters show compassion is when Kit teaches Prudence to read and when she defends Prudence from her mother by lying at the trial. The first time was compassion because kit saw prudence had low self worth because her mother has lead her to believe that she is stupid and never will be able to read. Kit sees her suffering and decides to alleviate her suffering, risking Goodwife Cruff’s wrath by teaching her to read and write. Later in the book, once kit is accused of practicing witch craft and the townspeople present the evidence of the hornbook with Prudence’s name written in it repeatedly, Kit lies for Prudence’s sake. She doesn’t want Prudence to get beaten by her mother. She risks possible death in compassion for Prudence’s situation. Finally, prudence shows compassion to Kit. Against all odds, though she has been educated to not show compassion by watching her mother, she shows everyone that she can write. She risks her mother’s abuse to save Kit, a girl she has recently met, but who has taught her a very important value: compassion.

Effects Of Maltreatment On Brain Development And Its...

Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development and its Consequences Abuse and neglect is , unfortunately, not an unusual occurrence in the lives of young children. The maltreatment that they experience often have harmful long-term effects that depend on many factors. These factors are dependent on the age of the infant/child at the time of the occurrence, the question of whether the abuse was a single event or a ritual norm, and the relationship with and the identity of the abuser, as well as whether or not the child had a nurturing presence in their life. Other factors include the type of abuse , the severity of said abuse, as well as the intervention, if any, and how long the mistreatment took place. These factors all have an influence on the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional development of the infant’s brain. The issues of chronic abuse and neglect on a child can cause major neurological, behavioral, and emotional problems or consequences, such as trauma or PTSD, throughout the child’s life. Many people define neglect as a caregiver’s failure to meet a child s physical needs, such as food, and shelter, and do not realize that neglect also can pertain to a guardian s failure to meet a child s cognitive, emotional, and social needs (Fontana, 1979). In order for children to develop properly in these areas, they need to be provided with encouragement, presented with the opportunities to progress, and receive positive acknowledgment from their caregivers Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Childhood Maltreatment On Children s Development1243 Words   |  5 Pages Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment on Children’s Development Lea A. 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