Species Distribution of Liverworts in Mt. Kalatungan, Pangantucan, Bukidnon free essay sample

These plants are easily overlooked because of their small sizes, yet play a very important role in the ecosystem. It is widely distributed, occurring from the arctic to the tropics. Some grow in relatively dry places and most occur where moisture is generally available, such as on damp soil or moist rotting logs, along shaded   stream banks, on rocks in streams, or on wet rock outcroppings; a few even grow under saline conditions. The leafy and thalloid liverworts are the two groups of taxonomic characters. Furthermore, liverworts generally grow in consistently moist habitats, occupying niches where competition with vascular plants is minimal. Spray zones of waterfalls or wetlands such as bogs, fens, and streams seeps, are often rich in hepatics. Shaded old-growth forests also support liverwort growth, particularly in mesic or even hydric habitats. Thalloid liverworts grow on consistently damp rock faces or in wetlands. Other species may grow in shaded crevices and among mosses in more xeric conditions. Liverworts also may colonize moist or submerged rocks (Scapania nemorosa, Porella pinnata), grow under water (Ricciocarpus fluitans), found on logs and humic soil in mesic forests (Nowellia curvifloria, Bazzania trilobata) and grows on tree bark (Frullania eboracensis). Different forest associations favor a variety of liverwort assemblages (Schuster, 2000)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several liverworts species reported in traditional Chinese medicine such as Marchantia, Pallavicinia, Plagiochila and Lepidozia (Saxena and Harinder, 2004). Furthermore, liverworts   also been considered to play a significant role in the global carbon budget (O’Neill, 2000) and CO2 exchange and have been used as indicator of past climate change, and as potential indicators of global warming (Gignac, 2001; De Lucia et al,2003). In the present study, the researchers attempted to assessed the number of liverworts   that are distributed in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan and possibly   identify new possible species in the sites selected wherein the said mountain showed a very cold environment and are required as favorable condition to different bryophytes growing on tree trunks, soils and on rock moist surfaces within the study site. So far, very few studies have examined the liverworts community structure and its relationships to substrates and vegetation type, likewise, no central source towards synthesis of nomenclature, taxonomy, distribution patterns and conservation at   a regional level, thus this present study is conceived. Statement of the Problem The study attempted to assess the distribution of liverworts   in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Specifically it sought to answer the following questions: 1. How are the species be classified, identified and described? .. How are the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest? 3. What are the species of liverworts identified with medicinal value? Objectives of the Study The study attempted to assess the liverworts   in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Specifically, it aimed to: 1. Collect, identify and classify the liverworts at the study sites. 2. Determine how the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest. 3. Determine the species of liverworts identified with medicinal value. Significance of the Study This study will provide additional baseline information regarding the taxonomic structure, habitat and the distribution of the species of liverworts. Results will benefit the students, teachers, scientists, biologists and the people in the community about the existence of liverworts. It will also give additional information regarding the role of liverworts in ecology and medicine. More importantly, this will guide scientists on what global actions are needed to conserve the earth’s forest ecosystem. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study is only limited on the distribution and ecology of liverworts in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan in Bukidnon. The species were collected within the specified quadrat. It was conducted last December 27-29, 2012. Theoretical Framework Review of Related Literature The Liverworts: Classification, Habitat, Life   Cycle and Ecology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Bryophytes are non-vascular plants. They are simple, green, and undergoing photosynthetic activity in the forest ecosystem. There are three distinct lineages namely; mosses (Bryopsida or Musci), liverworts (Hepaticopsida or Hepaticae), and Hornworts (Anthocerotopsida or Anthocerotae). There are 24,000 species of bryophytes worldwide. It is estimated that about 6,000 to 8,000 species for liverworts, though, when Neotropical regions are studied this population may approach 10,000 species. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless thallus, but most are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss. Other species of liverworts have leafy appearance of mosses but they lack midribs or costa. Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2-20 mm wide with individual plants less than 10 cm long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, Rocks, trees, or any other reasonably firm substrate on which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and arctic species as well. Some species can be nuisance in shady green houses or a weed in gardens. Leafy Liverworts ( Jungermaniidae) A leafy liverwort typically has leaves of two sizes, arranged in three rows along the stem. The larger leaves (called lateral leaves) grow in two rows, along opposite sides of the stem. The great majority of leafy liverworts is prostrate plants and grows along some substrate (e. g. soil, bark, leaves, and rock). In such a growth form the lateral leaves are parallel to the substrate and the third row of leaves is on the underside of the stem which explains why they are often called under leaves. The coplanar arrangement of the lateral leaves gives leafy liverworts a flat look that is rare in mosses. The leaves themselves vary greatly in shape, depending on species. The leaves range from fairly simple, rounded shapes to heavily divide. The margins may be smooth to toothed to hairy (http://www. anbg. gov. au/bryophyte/liverwort-leafy. html). Thallose Liverworts (Marchantiidae) Liverworts of this type have a plant body with no stem-leaf structure, but consist instead of a thallus a large flat plate, one to several cells thick. The thallus maybe subdivided into lobes, and these may vary in width from 2-3 millimeters or more according to the species. In some species there is a thickened midrib, and some may have pores (small holes) dotted about their surface(http://www. hiddenforest. co. nz/bryophytes/liverworts/intro. tm). Habitat of Liverworts Liverworts are literally found everywhere. They flourish on every continent and landmass, and exploit a remarkably diverse array of microhabitats. In addition to growing in persistently moist environments, such as in fresh water, on forest floors, waterfall splash zones, and stream banks, some are well adapted to microhabitats where water is limited. These include on bark and t wigs (epiphytes), on the surface of leaves (epiphylls), and on the rock surface. Some liverworts are even able to persist in truly desert environments. The ocean and other salty aquatic habitats are the only environments where liverworts are absent. (http://www. biology. duke. edu/bryology/liTol/ecoConsRefs. html). Life Cycle of Liverworts The unique life cycle of liverworts and hornworts consists of a spore producing body called a sporophyte that is attach to and dependent on the gamete producing body called gametophyte for its nutrient supply. The taxonomy and proper identification of these two groups of bryophytes depend on characters observed from both the gametophyte and sporophyte bodies. The gametophyte body is haploid (one set of chromosomes) and produces the sex organ, either the archegonia (female) or the antheridia (male). The sex organs of liverworts are surrounded and protected by specialize leafy appendages or the other types of protected structures, while that of hornworts are sunken into the gametophyte for protection. The female archegonium is flask-shaped structure consisting of a long neck and an enlarged basal portion (venter) where the egg cell is born. Contrasting the male antheridium is the elongated or oblong structure with a basal stalk (Piippo et al, 2002). Economic Importance of Liverworts Liverworts have little direct economic importance today. Their greatest impact is indirect, through the reduction of erosion along stream banks, their collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of soil crusts in deserts and Polar Regions. However, a few species are used by humans directly. A few species, such as Riccia fluitans, are aquatic thallose liverworts sold for use in aquariums. Their thin, slender branches float on the waters surface and provide habitat for both small invertebrates and the fish that feed on them (Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, amp; S. E. Eichhorn. 2005). In United States Geological Survey of Forest and Rangeland and Ecosystem Science in July 21, 2003, liverworts also have great potential as indicator for long-term ecological monitoring because they are obviously an important aesthetic and functional part of park ecosystems; they are susceptible to changes in air quality, precipitation chemistry and climate. The liverworts, together with mosses and hornworts, play a vital role in, and constitute a major part of, the biodiversity in moist forest, wetland, mountain and tundra ecosystems. They frequently dominate (co-dominate with lichens) severely stressed environments, such as exposed mountain summits, upland stream communities, and toxic environments (e. g. , soil rich in heavy metals), where most vascular plants are unable to compete successfully (Hallingback, N 2000). Medicinal uses of Liverworts Bryophytes are good sources of medicine such as the liverworts which contain biologically active substances and recent study in the United States on the anti-cancer properties of bryophytes has been rewarding. Some of the result of this research can be found in Spjut et. al. (2007). In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the liver, hence the name. In Old English, the word liverwort literally means liver plant (Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, amp; S. E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th ed. , page 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005). This probably stemmed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts (which resemble a liver in outline), and led to the common name of the group as hepatics, from the Latin word hepaticus for â€Å"belonging to the liver†. An unrelated flowering plant, Hepatica, is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the â€Å"Doctrine of Signatures† (Sadava, David; David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, May Berenbaum, 2009) Several Researches Conducted Related to Liverworts The liverwort flora is still largely unknown in as much as reports of collection are scanty, widely scattered and cannot easily be assembled. The following list of known records has been exhausted by the researchers. Azuelo (2005) in her report of Bryophytes Flora in Mt. Malindang, Misamis Oriental that there are 11 families, 13 Genera and 18 species of liverworts. Liverworts have 3 families, genera and species as cited by (Neri et. al 2007) In the study conducted by (Repolidon and Colinares, 2012) they reported 23 species with 5 families and 11 genera of liverworts along the mountain streams in Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. Lastly, (Azuelo, et. al 2012) in their study on Species Richness of Bryophytes and Lichens in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon reported that there are twelve (12) families, twenty (20) genera and sixty-two (62) species of liverworts found in the said study site. METHODOLOGY A. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) with the Locale People A letter was personally given to the office of the Punong   Barangay of Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon before the conduct of the study. B. Establishment of the Study Area and Sampling Design The conduct of inventory of liverworts was done by quadrat sampling within 20 x 20 meters inside the quadrat. All the liverworts were collected along the study site were listed, and their associated habitats were noted. C. Location of the Study site The research sites were located in Mt. Kalatungan Range National Park situated in san Guinto, Bacusanon, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. The site was located in the mossy forest of Mt. Kalatungan Range. The said site has approximately 2,008 meters above sea level and the relative humidity is 14? C. D. Research Design The study utilized the descriptive and research survey. E. Preparation of Herbarium Specimen The collected specimens of liverworts was placed in a plastic bag with a field label data such as: collection number, data of collection, associated habitats and the presence of the sporophyte. This was then air dried and place in packet envelope and will properly label for herbarium vouchers. F. Identification, Classification and Description of Liverworts Species The specimens was identified and classified based on their gametophyte differentiation: leafy and thalloid. Leafy liverworts are described morphologically by their diagnostic characters such as color, size, leaf insertion, and leaf apex and leaf margins. Thalloid liverworts are described morphologically based on plant habit: prostrate, ascending, erect or hanging; whether the body is dichotomous or irregular; presence of midrib; presence of involucres on the reproductive organ. Identification was made using the existing herbaria and keys from books, scientific articles and journals. Further examinations were done through field lens. The specimen was initially identified by the researchers and confirmed by Dr. Andrea G. Azuelo, a bryologist based in Central Mindanao University, Musuan Bukidnon. G. Species Distribution in the Site The number of families, genera, and species of the collected specimens in the site was determined and compared. H. Photo Documentation A digital camera was used for the documentation for the study site and the specimen was taken from their natural habitats. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION _______________________________________ The results shows a total of twenty one (21) species with eight (8) genera and eight (8) families found in the study site. Based on their gametophyte differentiation, leafy and thalloid liverworts were observed. There are three (3) thalloids liverworts species and eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species. Most of the species collected were confined on decayed logs because most likely the decayed logs were more preferable habitat of liverworts. Given are the species of Liverworts and their description collected on the mossy forest on December 27-29, 2012. Family : Metzgeriaceae Collection Number: 1 Scientific Name: Metzgeria sp. Description:Leafy liverworts, Dark green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lack air chambers, air pores, ventral scales and pegged rhizoids. Marginal hairs, single pairs, curved and hooked. Collection Number: 2 Scientific Name: Metzgeria consanguine Description:  Ã‚   Leafy liverworts. Yellow green when fresh and dark green when dry. Family: Lepidoziaceae Collection Number: 3 Scientific Name: Lepidozia sp. Description:Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical to ovate, alternate distantly arranged, leaf base plains, leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo, 2005) Collection number: 4 Scientific name: Lepidozia sp. 1 Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical; leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex toothed(Azuelo 2006). Collection Number: 5 Scientific name: Bazzania sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Green to dark green when dry and green to yellow green in tip when dry. Lateral leaves lingulate-cutriform; Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; Leaf apex toothed (Azuelo,2005). Collection Number: 6 Scientific name: Bazzania sp. 2 Description: Leafy liverworts. Green to dark glossy green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaf irregular lingulate; leaf base plain,leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 7 Scientific name: Bazzania tridens Description: Leafy liverworts. Dark glossy green when fresh greenish brown when dry. Leaf spreading/parent. Lateral leaf irregular lingulate; leaf base plain, leaf margin entire, leaf apex toothed (Azuelo, 2005) Family: Pallaviciniaceae Collection Number: 8 Scientific name: Pallvicinia llyellii Description: Thalloid liverworts. Green when fresh and greenish brown when dry,  branched. Leaves in many lobes,leaf base plain; leaf margin entire;leaf apex round; presence of â€Å"vita† (Azuelo et. al. 2011). Family: Marchantiaceae Collection Number: 9 Scientific name: Marchantia polymorpha Description: Thalloid   liverwort. Green when fresh and brownish green when dry. Leaves in many lobe;leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex round; presence of costa(Azuelo et. al. 2011). Collection Number: 10 Scientific name: Dumortiera hirsuta Description: Thalloid liverwort. Green when fresh and dry. Leaves in many lobes,leaf base plain, leaf margin entire; leaf apex round. Presence of â€Å"vitta†. (Azuelo et. al. 2011). Family: Schistochilaceae Collection Number: 11 Scientific name: Schistochila sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and yellowish green when dry. Lateral leaves elliptical; Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 12 Scientific name: Schistochila sp. 2 Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Collection Number:13 Scientific name: Schistochila aligera Description: Leafy liverworts. Yellow when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Collection Number: 14 Scientific name: Schistochila macrodonta Description: Leafy liverworts. Yellow green when fresh and dark green when dry. Lateral leaves oblong; leaf base cordate; leaf margin serrulate, leaf apex entire. Family: Plagiochilaceae Collection Number: 15 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. Description:Leafy liverworts. Green when fresh and brown when dry; lateral leaves cultriform-lingulate, leaf base plain; leaf margin entire; leaf apex toothed in one side, entire in other side. Absence of ventral/under leaves. Collection Number: 16 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. 1 Description: Leafy liverworts. Light green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. Lateral leaves cultriform,leaf margin dentate,leaf apex obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number:17 Scientific name: Plagiochila sp. Description: Leafy liverworts. Pale green when fresh and yellow green when dry. lateral   leaves ovate, leaf margin dentate,leaf apex very obtuse (Azuelo 2005). Collection Number: 18 Scientific name: Plagiochila bantamensis Description : Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and pale green when dry. Leaves long, narrowly inserted to the stem, unlobed, toothed. Ventral leaf base forms a sac with ciliate margins; underleaves ciliate-dentate margins. Collection Number:19 Scientific name: Plagiochila javanica Description:Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and yellow green when dry. Leaf base plain; leaf margin entire, leaf apex acute. Family: Geocalycaceae Collection Number: 20 Scientific name: Heteroscyphus sp. Description :Leafy liverworts. Dark green when fresh and greenish brown when dry. With 2-3 asymetrical teeth at leaf apices. Family: Lejeuneaceae Collection Number:21 Scientific name: Lejeunia sp. Description: Leafy liverwort. Green when fresh and dry,leaf margin entire and apex  Ã‚  Ã‚  blunty pointed. The table 1 (Appendix A) shows that families Lepidoziaceae , Plagiochilaceae and Schistochilaceae had abundance species found in the study site namely: Lepidozia sp, Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens, Bazzania sp. and Bazzania sp. 2 for the family Lepidoziaceae. For the family Plagiochilaceae the following species were identified: Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1 Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica and Plagiochila bantamensis . Schistochila macrodonta Schistochila sp, Schistochila sp. 2 and Schistochila aligera are the species collected for family Schistochilaceae. While families Metzgeriaceae, Geocalecaceae and Lejeuneaceae had less abundance species. Namely: Metzgeria sp. and Metzgeria consanguine for family Metzgeriaceae; Heteroscyphus sp. (family Geocalecaceae ) and Lejeunea sp. (family Lejeuneaceae). Among the identified species of liverworts there are three (3) thalloids liverworts species namely: Pallavicinia llyeii , Dumortiera hirsuta and Marchantia polymorpha sp. and eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species: Metzgeria sp. , Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp, Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens, Bazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2, Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2, Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1, Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. Most of the species collected were confined on decayed logs because most likely the decayed logs were more preferable habitat of liverworts Table 2 (Appendix B). The results shows a total of eight (8) families namely: Family Metzgeriaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Schistochilaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Geocalecaceae, and Lejeuneceae. This also includes eight (8) genera namely: Metzgeria, Lepidozia, Pallavicinia, Marchantia, Schistochila, Plagiochila, Heteroscyphus and Lejeunea. The findings of the study shows that there are twenty one (21) species of liverworts collected namely: Metzgeria sp, Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp. , Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens,   Bazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2,Pallavicinia llyeii, Dumortiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha sp. , Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2,Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1,   Plagiochila sp. 2, Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. Table 3 (Appendix C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The table 4 (Appendix D) shows that some species of liverworts collected has a medicinal importance. This includes the species of   Dumortiera sp. s source for antibiotics: Marchantia polymorpha as diuretics for liver ailments, insect bites, boils and abscesses, treat pulmonary tuberculosis, with growth inhibiting substances; used to cure cuts, fractures, poisonous bites, burns, scalds, and open wounds, for cardiovascular disease; Pallavicinia sp. as extracts for antimicrobial activity; Plagiochila sp. exhibits anti-leukemic activity/anti-microbial activity; Bazzania sp. exhibits anti-fungal activity; and Leujenia sp. can cure chest pain. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary and Conclusion This research is conducted to be able to inventory the distribution of liverworts in the mossy forest in Mt. Kalatungan, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. Specifically this study aimed to: 1) collect, classify and identify the liverworts in the study sites. 2) determine how the liverworts ecologically distributed in the mossy forest and 3) determine the species of liverworts with medicinal value. Based on the findings of the study, twenty one (21) species of liverworts were collected with eight families namely: Family Metzgeriaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Schistochilaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Geocalecaceae, and Lejeuneceae. This also includes eight (8) genera namely: Metzgeria, Lepidozia, Pallavicinia, Marchantia, Schistochila, Plagiochila, Heteroscyphus and Lejeunea. The findings of the study shows that there are twenty one (21) species of liverworts collected namely: Metzgeria sp, Metzgeria consanguine, Lepidozia sp. , Lepidozia sp. 1, Bazzania tridens,   Bazzania sp. , Bazzania sp. 2,Pallavicinia llyeii, Dumortiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha sp. , Schistochila macrodonta, Schistochila sp. , Schistochila sp. 2,Schistochila aligera, Plagiochila sp. , Plagiochila sp. 1,   Plagiochila sp. ,Plagiochila javanica, Plagiochila bantamensis, Heteroscyphus sp. and Lejeunea sp. The identified species were identified according to gametophyte differentiation: leafy and thalloid. There are a total of eighteen (18) leafy liverworts species and three (3)   thalloids liverworts species. The collected species were also classified based on their taxonomic characters such as color, classification, shape, apex a nd margin. Findings also shows that there are six (6) of liverworts had potential value in medicine. This includes: Durmotiera hirsuta, Marchantia polymorpha, Pallavicinia sp. Plagiochila sp. , Bazzania sp. ,and Leujenia sp. Most of the species are recorded to possess antimicrobial activity, anti-leukemic and anti-fungal property. Recommendation The researchers recommends that further study on the morphological  diversity of liverworts requires an in-depth study to carefully explore and describe their morphology  character. It is also recommended to conduct study on the other parts of the mossy forest with establishments of more sampling plots in the study sites and the factors   that affect the species distribution has to be considered. Further scientific research on the study sites should be conducted to find out more medicinal species of liverworts for the benefits of everyone. LITERATURE CITED Azuelo,A. ,Sariana,L. ,Magday,E. ,and Montecillo,R. 2012. Species Richness and Biodiversity of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bryophytes and Lichens in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. Azuelo,A. ,Sariana,L. and Pabualan,M. 2011. Some Medicinal Bryophytes: Their Ethnobotanical Uses and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morphology. Asian Journal of Biodiversity. Bongay,K. , Lofranco,M. , and Maribao,H. 2012. Distribution of Liverworts along Maradugao   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   River, Malinao, Kalilangan, Bukidnon. Manville,G. ,Webster,H. , and Stabley,J. Bryophytes and Lichens: Review of Status in Pennsylvania. Raven, P. H. , R. F. Evert, and S. E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th ed. , page 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005). ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. Sadava, David; David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, May Berenbaum (2009). Life: The Science of Biology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (9th ed. ). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 599. ISBN  1429246448. WEBLIOGRAPHY http://www. anbg. gov. au/bryophyte/liverwort-leafy. html Appendix A TABLE 1:   Family, genera and species of liverworts found in the study sites. FAMILY| GENERA| SPECIES| Metzgeriaceae| Metzgeria| Metzgeria sp. Metzgeria consanguine| Lepidoziaceae| Lepidozia| Lepidozia spLepidozia sp. 1Bazzania tridensBazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2| Pallaviciniaceae| Pallavicinia| Pallavicinia llyeii| Marchantiaeceae| Marchantia| Dumortiera hirsutaMarchantia polymorpha sp. | Schistochilaceae| Schistochila| Schistochila macrodontaSchistochila sp. Schistochila sp. 2Schistochila aligera| Plagiochilaceaea| Plagiochila| Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1Plagiochila sp. 2Plagiochila javanicaPlagiochila bantamensis| Geocalecaceae| Heteroscyphus| Heteroscyphus sp. | Lejeuneaceae| Lejeuneae| Lejeunea sp. Appendix B Table 2: Types of liverworts based on their classification and their habitats Family| Species| Types| Habitat| Metzgeriaceae| Metzgeria sp. Metzgeria consaguine| LeafyLeafy| Tree rootsTwigs| Lepidoziaceae| Lepidozia spLepidozia sp. 1Bazzania tridensBazzania sp. Bazzania sp. 2| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Decayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logs| Palla viciniaceae| Pallavicinia llyeii| Thalloids| Decayed roots| Marchantiaeceae| Dumortiera hirsutaMarchantia polymorpha sp. | ThalloidsThalloids| Decayed branchDecayed logs| Schistochilaceae| Schistochila macrodontaSchistochila sp. Schistochila sp. 2Schistochila aligera| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Decayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logsDecayed logs| Plagiochilaceaea| Plagiochila sp. Plagiochila sp. 1Plagiochila sp. 2Plagiochila javanicaPlagiochila bantamensis| LeafyLeafyLeafyLeafyLeafy| Tree trunkTree trunkDecayed branchDecayed branchSoil/Decayed logs| Geocalecaceae| Heteroscyphus sp. | Leafy| Fallen branch| Lejeuneaceae| Lejeunea sp. | Leafy| Decayed logs| Appendix C TABLE 3: Summary of Liverworts collected in Mt. kalatungan, Pangantucan,   Bukidnon. FAMILIES| GENERA| SPECIES| Metzgeriaceae| 1| 2| Lepidoziaceae| 1| 5| Pallaviciniaceae| 1| 1| Marchantiaceae| 1| 2| Schistochilaceae| 1| 4| Plagiochilaceae| 1| 5| Geocalycacea| 1| 1| Lejeuneaceae| 1| 1| TOTAL 8| 8| 21| Appendix D TABLE 4: Species of liverworts and their medicinal uses or properties found in the study sites SPECIES OF LIVERWORTS| MEDICINAL USES| 1. Durmotiera hirsuta| As source for antibiotics *| 2. Marchantia polymorpha  | As diuretics for liver ailments, insect bites, boils and abscesses, treat pulmonary tuberculosis, with growth inhibitingsubstances; used to cure cuts, fractures, poisonous bites, burns, scalds, and open wounds, for cardiovascular disease *| 3. Pallavicinia sp. | Extracts for antimicrobial activity *| 4. Plagiochila sp. | Exhibits anti-leukemic activity/anti-microbial activity*| 5. Bazzania sp. | Exhibits anti-fungal activity***| 6. Leujenia sp| Can cure chest pain**| References:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * Azuelo, et. al. 2011. Asian Journal of Biodiversity. Volume 2 ** Boom,1996:67 *** http://. arkat-usa. org/get-file/18667/